英文句子種類(lèi)辨析之肯定句和否定句
含否定詞的句子稱(chēng)為否定句(Negative Sentence),不含否定詞的句子就稱(chēng)為肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:
例:Mr. Walker is an Englishman.
(華克先生是英國(guó)人。——肯定句)
例:He is not an American.
。ㄋ皇敲绹(guó)人!穸ň洌
簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),表達(dá)事物的“Yes”這一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。
傳統(tǒng)的'英語(yǔ)入門(mén)都是先學(xué)肯定句,然后再學(xué)肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。否定句的表達(dá)方式基本上有下面的兩種。
(1)使用副詞否定詞“not”,例如:
(a)be,have為主要?jiǎng)釉~:
例:I am not a good swimmer.
。ㄎ也皇且粋(gè)游泳的好手。)
例:He was not at home yesterday afternoon.
。ㄗ蛱煜挛缢辉诩摇#
例:I have not much money.
。ㄎ覜](méi)有很多錢(qián)。)
例:He has not many friend here.
。ㄔ谶@里他沒(méi)有很多朋友。)
解說(shuō)“be/have +not”常縮短成一詞,尤其是日常談話(huà)更是如此。例如:
例:You aren't [a:nt] a friend of his, are you ?
。悴皇撬呐笥寻,是不是?)
例:He isn't [>!znt] my brother.
。ㄋ皇俏业男值。)
例:I wasn't [>w&znt] there at that time.
。ó(dāng)時(shí)我沒(méi)有在那兒。)
例:There weren't [w+:nt] many people at the party yesterday.
。ㄗ蛱鞗](méi)有很多人參加宴會(huì)。)
“am +not”不是“amn't”,而是“aren't”或“ain't[eint]”,例如:
例:I ain't ready.
。ㄎ疫沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備好。)
例:I am very nice to you, aren't I?
。ㄎ覍(duì)你很不錯(cuò),是不是?)
美國(guó)人用“ain't”很隨便,應(yīng)該是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他們也會(huì)“ain't”一下就帶過(guò)去,宜注意。
下面例句是“have not,has not”的縮短形。
例:I haven't[>h$vnt] a headache.
(我沒(méi)有頭痛。)
例:He hasn't[>h$znt] come yet.
(他還沒(méi)來(lái)。)
(b)be,have為助動(dòng)詞
例:You aren't going to go to her birthday party, are you?
。悴淮蛩銋⒓铀纳昭鐣(huì),是不是?)
例:It isn't raining outside.
(外面沒(méi)有在下雨。)
例:She wasn't asked to speak at the meeting.
。ㄋ龥](méi)有被請(qǐng)求在會(huì)上講話(huà)。)
例:I haven't done anything wrong to her.
。ㄋ麤](méi)有做對(duì)不起她的事。)
例:He hasn't yet paid the money.
。ㄋ形锤跺X(qián)。)
be+ V -ing(進(jìn)行時(shí)),be +P.P.(過(guò)去分詞)(被動(dòng)詞態(tài)),have(has,had)+P.P.(完成時(shí))等的“be,have(has,had)”皆為助動(dòng)詞。例1的“be going to …”在學(xué)校文法中也常被視為助動(dòng)詞。
(c)“助動(dòng)詞+V”時(shí)
動(dòng)詞帶有助動(dòng)詞“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought to,used to,had better”等時(shí),將“not”置于助動(dòng)詞與主要?jiǎng)釉~之間。例如:
例:I will not do it again.
I won't[wount] do it again.
(我不愿意再做這種事。)
例:The old man cannot find his way home.
。莻(gè)老人找不到回家的路。)
例:I couldn't sleep last night.
。ㄗ蛞刮覠o(wú)法入睡。)
例:You ought not to swim in the river.
。悴粦(yīng)該在河里游泳。)
例:You had better not tell her everything.
(你最好不要樣樣事情都告訴她。)
注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can't”,不可寫(xiě)成“can not or cann't”。
(d)使用助動(dòng)詞“do”的否定句
一般動(dòng)詞的否定句通常使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,句式如下:
句型 do(does, did)+not + V(原形動(dòng)詞)
例:I don't know her very well.
。ㄎ也⒉缓芰私馑。)
例:He doesn't like Chinese tea very much.
。ㄋ⒉缓芟矚g中國(guó)茶。)
例:She didn't come to school this morning.
。ń裉煸缟纤龥](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)。)
例:Don't believe him.
(不要相信他的話(huà)。)
注:“have”表達(dá)“有”以外的意義時(shí),其否定句通常使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,例如:
例:Usually I don't have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.
(通常星期天早上我不吃早餐。)
例:She doesn't have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.
(她不把咖啡充作早餐喝。)
例:We didn't have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.
。ㄗ蛱煳覀?cè)谀抢锿娴貌挥淇臁#?/p>
不過(guò)美式英語(yǔ)“have”作“有”的意義使用時(shí)也如一般動(dòng)詞使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,例如:
例:I don't have brothers.
(我沒(méi)有兄弟。)
例:We didn't have time enough to finish the work.
。ㄎ覀儺(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間完成那件工作。)
。2)使用“not”以外的否定詞
“not”以外的否定詞有:
。╝)副詞:never,seldom,hardly,little,neither,etc.
例:She never comes to school late.
(他上學(xué)從不遲到。)
例:She seldom comes to see me.
。ㄋ怀(lái)看我。)
。╞)形容詞:no,few,little,etc.
例:I have no brothers.(=I don't have brothers.)
(我沒(méi)有兄弟。)
例:He has few friends in Hong Kong.
。ㄋ谙愀蹘缀鯖](méi)有朋友。)
。╟)代詞:nothing,nobody,none,etc.
例:I know nothing about computer.
。▽(duì)于電腦我一竅不通。)
I found nobody about computer.
。ㄔ谀菞澐孔永镂覜](méi)看到任何人。)
注:1.有些文法書(shū)認(rèn)為“Not +V”為句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing,etc.”為單詞否定法,不宜稱(chēng)為否定句。例如:
例:He doesn't have brother.(否定句)
He has no brothers.(單詞否定,但應(yīng)視為肯定句,因?yàn)橹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是肯定。)
請(qǐng)注意下面兩句的意義上的區(qū)別。
例:He doesn't have a breakfast.
He has not a breakfast.
。ㄋ怀栽绮汀!穸ň洌
例:He has no breakfast.
(他沒(méi)有早餐可吃!獑卧~否定,肯定句)
2.否定也可以借用前綴或后綴來(lái)表達(dá),例如:
例:He is honest.
(他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。)
He is dishonest.(=He in not honest.)
。ㄋ徽\(chéng)實(shí)。)
例:They have children.
(他們有小孩。)
They are childless.(=The don't have children.)
。ㄋ麄儧](méi)有小孩。)
Drilling Square
Ⅰ.請(qǐng)把下列各句改為否定句。
1.Amy is the best student in my class.
2.Jim has a lot of stamps.
3.John studies very hard this semester.
4.Bill broke the glass yesterday.
5.Did he write you a letter last week?
6.Open the window, Peter.
7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.
Ⅱ.請(qǐng)把下列各句改為肯定句。
1.She doesn't have to go to school today.
2.My father doesn't go to his office by bus.
3.I didn't see him yesterday.
4.Mr. Smith won't teach us next year.
5.You need not do it today.
6.She cannot run very last.
7.She doesn't wash her clothes herself.
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